---
title: "Loss of Biodiversity: What It Is, UK Data & 12 Examples"
description: "Biodiversity loss explained: the latest UK figures from Defra, JNCC and State of Nature, 12 real UK examples, and whether the decline can be reversed."
---

[Pixcellence Blog](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog)

# [Loss of Biodiversity: What It Is, UK Data & 12 Examples](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity)

 Written by [Clwyd Probert](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/author/clwyd-probert) | 7 Oct 2026, 15:50:00

**Biodiversity loss is the decline in the variety of life — fewer genes within species, fewer species, and fewer healthy ecosystems — whether locally, nationally or worldwide.** In the UK it is measurable and ongoing. Monitored species have declined by an average of 19% since 1970 and nearly one in six species in Great Britain is at risk of extinction ([State of Nature 2023](https://stateofnature.org.uk/)). In England, the average abundance of more than 1,100 monitored species has fallen by around 40% over the same period ([Defra, 2026](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england)).

This guide explains what biodiversity loss means in plain English, sets out what the official UK indicators actually show, and walks through 12 documented examples — eight species and four habitats — that make the numbers concrete. It also covers why the loss matters, whether it can be reversed, and how close the UK is to its own 2030 targets. If you want the detail on *why* it is happening, our companion guide to [the five drivers of biodiversity loss](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/loss-of-biodiversity-causes) covers each cause in depth.

19%

Average UK species decline

State of Nature 2023, since 1970

1 in 6

GB species at risk of extinction

State of Nature 2023 (16%)

62%

Fall in UK farmland birds

Defra wild bird index, 1970–2024

48,646

Species threatened worldwide

IUCN Red List, October 2025

Sources: [State of Nature 2023](https://stateofnature.org.uk/); [Defra, Wild bird populations in the UK and England, 1970 to 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk-and-england-1970-to-2024); [IUCN Red List update, 10 October 2025](https://iucn.org/press-release/202510/arctic-seals-threatened-climate-change-birds-decline-globally-iucn-red-list).

Key Takeaway

Three different numbers get quoted as "UK biodiversity loss", and they measure different things. The **19% average decline** is a change in abundance. The **1 in 6 at risk** is extinction risk. The **41% of species declining in England** is a count of species heading the wrong way (while 30% are increasing). All three are true; none of them on its own is the whole picture.

In this guide

- [What biodiversity loss means](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#meaning)
- [What causes it (in brief)](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#causes)
- [Biodiversity loss statistics: what the UK evidence shows](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#uk-evidence)
- [12 examples of biodiversity loss in the UK](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#examples)
- [Why biodiversity loss matters](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#why-it-matters)
- [The global picture](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#global)
- [Is the UK on track to stop it?](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#targets)
- [Can biodiversity loss be reversed?](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#reversible)
- [How you can help](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#help)
- [FAQs](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-loss-of-biodiversity?hs_amp=true#faq)

## What does biodiversity loss mean?

Biodiversity is the variety of life at three nested levels: the genetic variety within a species, the number of different species in a place, and the range of ecosystems across a landscape. **Biodiversity loss is a decline at any of those levels.** A population of hedgehogs shrinking in one county, a wildflower meadow being ploughed, and a species disappearing from Britain altogether are all forms of biodiversity loss. Our guides to [what biodiversity is](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/what-is-biodiversity) and the [three types of biodiversity](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/types-of-biodiversity) explain those levels in more depth.

It helps to separate biodiversity loss from [extinction](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/species-extinction). Extinction is the end point — the permanent loss of a species. Most biodiversity loss happens long before that: populations thin out, ranges contract, genetic variety narrows, and habitats lose the species that made them distinctive. That is why the UK tracks abundance and distribution indicators rather than waiting for species to vanish. By the time a species is extinct, the loss has usually been under way for decades.

Scale matters too. A species can be thriving globally while collapsing in the UK (the turtle dove is a clear example), and a habitat can be common across Europe but rare here. When people talk about "biodiversity loss in the UK", they usually mean national declines measured against a baseline — most often 1970, when systematic monitoring of many groups began.

## What causes biodiversity loss? The five drivers in brief

The international science body [IPBES](https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment) groups the direct causes into five drivers: **land- and sea-use change**, **direct exploitation** (hunting, fishing, harvesting), **climate change**, **pollution** and **invasive non-native species**. Its 2019 Global Assessment found that land- and sea-use change and direct exploitation have had the largest impact so far — which means farming, fishing and development decisions matter as much as carbon emissions for whether nature recovers.

In the UK, every example below traces back to one or more of these drivers: agricultural intensification removing meadows and field margins, drainage of peat bogs, invasive American mink eating water voles, warming rivers stressing salmon. For each driver explained with UK evidence, read [The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss: A 2026 UK Guide](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/loss-of-biodiversity-causes). For why many scientists now describe the situation as a crisis requiring systemic change, see our piece on [the UK biodiversity crisis](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/biodiversity-crisis).

## Biodiversity loss statistics: what the UK evidence shows

The UK has unusually detailed long-term wildlife monitoring, much of it carried out by volunteer recorders. That monitoring tells a consistent story: long, steep declines from the 1970s to the 1990s, followed by continued but slower losses for most groups. The table below brings together the main official and peer-reviewed indicators.

| Indicator | What it shows | Source |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UK species abundance (753 species) | Average decline of 19% since 1970; 38% of species declined, 27% increased | State of Nature 2023 |
| Extinction risk, Great Britain | 16% of more than 10,000 assessed species at risk of extinction | State of Nature 2023 |
| England species abundance (1,185 species) | Index down around 40% from 1970 to 2024; 41% of species declined, 30% increased | Defra, updated September 2026 |
| England priority species | Index down around 80% from 1970 to 2024 | Defra, updated September 2026 |
| UK farmland birds (19 species) | 62% lower in 2024 than 1970; down a further 11% from 2019 to 2024 | Defra wild bird indicators |
| UK pollinating insects (393 bee and hoverfly species) | Distribution 23% lower in 2024 than 1980; 38% of species became less widespread | JNCC UK Biodiversity Indicators 2025 |
| UK butterflies | 80% of species decreased in abundance, distribution or both since the 1970s | Butterfly Conservation, State of the UK's Butterflies 2022 |

Sources: [State of Nature 2023 main report](https://stateofnature.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/TP25999-State-of-Nature-main-report_2023_FULL-DOC-v12.pdf); [Defra, Indicators of species abundance in England](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england); [Defra, Wild bird populations 1970 to 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk-and-england-1970-to-2024); [JNCC, Status of pollinating insects](https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-pollinating-insects/); [Butterfly Conservation, State of the UK's Butterflies 2022](https://butterfly-conservation.org/state-of-uk-butterflies-2022).

Two things are worth reading carefully in that table. First, the averages hide winners and losers: in England, 30% of monitored species have *increased* since 1970, including species expanding their range north as the climate warms. Second, the steepest declines are concentrated in the species conservationists worry about most — England's priority species index has fallen roughly twice as far as the all-species index. For a taxon-by-taxon breakdown, see our [UK wildlife decline trends](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/uk-wildlife-decline) page; for how these indicators are built, see [how biodiversity is measured](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/measuring-biodiversity).

## 12 examples of biodiversity loss in the UK

These twelve examples — eight species or species groups and four habitats — are among the best-documented cases of biodiversity loss in the UK. Each has a clear figure from a primary source and a known cause, which makes them useful for school projects, essays and talks.

### Species examples

**1. Turtle dove (*Streptopelia turtur*).** The UK breeding population fell by 99% between 1967 and 2024, ([BTO](https://www.bto.org/learn/about-birds/birdfacts/turtle-dove)) — the RSPB describes it as the UK's fastest-declining bird. An RSPB-led national survey estimated just 2,100 breeding territories in 2021 ([RSPB](https://www.rspb.org.uk/helping-nature/what-we-do/influence-government-and-business/farming/advice-for-farmers-helping-bird-species/turtle-dove-conservation-advice-for-farmers)). Main causes: loss of seed-rich farmland habitat and unsustainable hunting on migration routes.

**2. Water vole (*Arvicola amphibius*).** National surveys recorded water voles at 48% of sites in 1989–90 and 16% by 1996–98. When volunteers resurveyed 117 historic sites in 2023, signs were found at just six of them ([PTES](https://ptes.org/watching-water-voles/)). Main causes: predation by invasive American mink and loss of riverbank habitat.

**3. Hedgehog (*Erinaceus europaeus*).** Rural hedgehog populations have declined by up to 75% since 2000, while urban populations appear more stable ([State of Britain's Hedgehogs 2022](https://ptes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/State-of-Britains-Hedgehogs-2022.pdf)). Main causes: loss of hedgerows and permanent grassland, fewer invertebrate prey, roads and fenced-off gardens.

**4. Scottish wildcat (*Felis silvestris*).** A 2019 review for NatureScot concluded there was no longer a viable wild population in Scotland, with an estimated 30 to 430 individuals left ([NatureScot](https://www.nature.scot/wildcat-scotland-review-conservation-status-and-activities-0)). Main causes: hybridisation with domestic and feral cats, historic persecution and habitat loss. Captive-bred releases are now under way.

**5. Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*).** In December 2023 the IUCN moved Atlantic salmon from Least Concern to Near Threatened worldwide after the global population fell by 23% between 2006 and 2020, with a supporting statement in the announcement calling the outcome for UK populations "very grim" ([IUCN](https://iucn.org/press-release/202312/freshwater-fish-highlight-escalating-climate-impacts-species-iucn-red-list)). Main causes: warming water, barriers to migration, pollution and sedimentation, and parasites and genetic mixing from fish farms.

**6. European eel (*Anguilla anguilla*).** Listed as Critically Endangered on the global [IUCN Red List](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60344/152845178). Eels born in the Sargasso Sea migrate into UK rivers, where weirs, pumping stations and pollution block or kill them; historic overfishing added to the decline.

**7. Farmland birds as a group.** The UK farmland bird index — 19 species including skylark, yellowhammer and grey partridge — is 62% below its 1970 level ([Defra](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk-and-england-1970-to-2024)). Most of the fall happened between the late 1970s and early 1990s as farming intensified, but the index fell by a further 11% between 2019 and 2024.

**8. Bees and hoverflies.** Across 393 pollinating insect species, the area occupied was 23% smaller in 2024 than in 1980, and 38% of species became less widespread ([JNCC](https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-pollinating-insects/)). Main causes: loss of flower-rich habitat, pesticides and climate change. Our [butterfly conservation guide](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/butterfly-conservation-uk-guide) covers the parallel story for butterflies.

### Habitat examples

| Habitat | Extent of loss | Source |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 9. Lowland meadow | Around 97% of lowland meadow and unimproved grassland in England and Wales lost between the 1930s and 1984 | Fuller (1987), cited by [JNCC](https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/cf50f420-1b38-4253-89f8-1cb7ba010f27/SSSI-Guidelines-3-LowlandGrasslands-2019.pdf) |
| 10. Lowland heathland | Now covers only around 20% of the area it did in the 19th century | [Environment Agency, 2022](https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reversing-the-nature-crisis-silent-spring-or-adlestrop) |
| 11. Peatland | Around 80% of UK peatlands are degraded to some extent | [IUCN UK Peatland Programme](https://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/about-peatlands/peatland-damage) |
| 12. Seagrass meadows | At least 44% of UK seagrass lost since 1936 (high-certainty estimate) | [Green et al. (2021), Frontiers in Plant Science](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.629962/full) |

Habitat loss is the less visible half of the story but the more important one: when a meadow, heath or bog goes, every species that depended on it goes with it. The 97% meadow figure is often misquoted as "97% of the UK's wildflower meadows" — the original survey covered lowland meadow and unimproved grassland in England and Wales up to 1984. For more on how habitats are lost, see our guide to [habitat destruction](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/habitat-destruction) and our overview of [UK habitats](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/uk-habitats-complete-guide).

## Why biodiversity loss matters

Biodiversity is not only about rare species. The variety of life underpins what economists call [ecosystem services](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/ecosystem-services) — the food, clean water, flood control, carbon storage and pollination that people rely on without paying for directly. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, [over 80% of flowering plant species are pollinated by animals, and pollinators affect 35% of the world's crop production](https://www.fao.org/pollination/en/) — which is why the decline in bees and hoverflies is a food-security issue as well as a conservation one.

Healthy habitats also do physical work. Intact peat bogs hold water and store carbon; degraded ones release it. Saltmarsh and seagrass absorb wave energy and shelter young fish. Diverse ecosystems are more resilient to drought, disease and extreme weather than simplified ones — so as biodiversity falls, the UK's ability to absorb climate shocks falls with it. Our guides to [why biodiversity matters](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/the-importance-of-biodiversity) and [climate change and biodiversity](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/climate-change-and-biodiversity) go further into these links.

## The global picture

The UK's losses sit inside a global trend. The [WWF Living Planet Report 2024](https://www.wwf.org.uk/our-reports/living-planet-report-2024) found that monitored wildlife populations declined by an average of 73% between 1970 and 2020. The [IUCN Red List](https://iucn.org/press-release/202510/arctic-seals-threatened-climate-change-birds-decline-globally-iucn-red-list) now includes 172,620 species, of which 48,646 are threatened with extinction (October 2025).

At planetary scale, the [Planetary Health Check 2025](https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/output/infodesk/planetary-boundaries/planetary-boundaries) from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research concluded that seven of the nine planetary boundaries have been crossed — including "change in biosphere integrity", the boundary that tracks biodiversity loss. Many of the most species-rich places on Earth are covered in our guide to the [36 global biodiversity hotspots](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/biodiversity-hotspots-protecting-species-rich-areas).

## Is the UK on track to stop biodiversity loss?

Not yet. The Environment Act 2021 set a legally binding target to halt the decline in species abundance in England by 2030. In its January 2026 progress report, the [Office for Environmental Protection](https://www.theoep.org.uk/report/progress-improving-natural-environment-england-20242025) assessed that target as **largely off track**, though still achievable if government scales up delivery. Across all 43 environmental targets and commitments it assessed, 5 were largely on track, 16 partially on track and 21 largely off track.

The UK has also committed to protecting 30% of land and sea for nature by 2030 ("30 by 30"). Here the gap between *designated* and *effective* protection matters. Defra's own analysis finds that around 7% of England's land currently meets its 30 by 30 criteria ([Defra 30by30 delivery plan, July 2026](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/30by30-on-land-in-england-delivery-plan/30by30-on-land-delivery-plan)). Wildlife and Countryside Link, counting only Sites of Special Scientific Interest in favourable condition, puts the figure at 2.83% ([30by30 Progress Update 2025](https://www.wcl.org.uk/30by30-update-2025.asp)). Either way, the UK is a long way short of 30%.

Other measures are in force. Since February 2024, most new developments in England must deliver at least a 10% [Biodiversity Net Gain](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/biodiversity-net-gain), measured with the [statutory biodiversity metric](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/statutory-biodiversity-metric-explained-guide). The revised [Environmental Improvement Plan](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-improvement-plan-2025/environmental-improvement-plan-eip-2025), published in December 2025, sets out how the government intends to meet its targets. The OEP's view is that delivery, not ambition, is now the constraint.

## Can biodiversity loss be reversed?

Yes — at least for some species and places, when the original pressure is removed and recovery is given time and space. The UK has several well-documented recoveries:

**Red kite.** Reduced to a handful of pairs in Welsh valleys in the early 20th century, the UK population is now estimated at around 4,400 breeding pairs, and the BTO records an increase of more than 2,600% between 1995 and 2024 ([BTO](https://www.bto.org/learn/about-birds/birdfacts/red-kite)). Protection from persecution and reintroductions from 1989 made the difference.

**Large blue butterfly.** Declared extinct in Britain in 1979, it has since been reintroduced to more than 11 sites through a partnership of 22 organisations ([Butterfly Conservation](https://butterfly-conservation.org/our-work/success-story-large-blue)).

**Beavers and rewilding.** In 2025 the government approved licensed wild releases of beavers in England ([Natural England](https://naturalengland.blog.gov.uk/2025/08/18/from-fences-to-freedom-englands-continuing-beaver-journey/)). Beaver dams create wetlands that support insects, amphibians and fish. At the Knepp Estate in West Sussex, a former intensive farm left to rewild now hosts what it reports as the UK's largest colony of purple emperor butterflies ([Knepp](https://knepp.co.uk/rewilding/wildlife-successes/purple-emperors/)).

The caveat is scale. These are recoveries of individual species or sites, while the national indicators are still falling. Reversing biodiversity loss at national level means dealing with the drivers across whole landscapes — farming, water quality, development and climate — which is why the 2030 targets matter.

## How you can help reverse biodiversity loss in the UK

1

Record what you see

Most of the indicators in this guide exist because volunteers count birds, butterflies, bees and plants. Schemes coordinated through the [National Biodiversity Network](https://nbn.org.uk), the BTO and Butterfly Conservation turn casual sightings into national data.

2

Make your garden or school grounds a habitat

A pond, native plants, a gap in the fence for hedgehogs and an unmown patch all help. Even a [mini ecosystem](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/mini-ecosystems-build-your-own-guide) on a windowsill is a good way to see how habitats work.

3

Support landscape-scale work

The Wildlife Trusts, RSPB, Woodland Trust, Plantlife, Butterfly Conservation and PTES run the habitat restoration and species recovery that individual action cannot match.

4

Respond to consultations

Farming payments, planning rules and water regulation are among the biggest influences on UK biodiversity. Defra and the Environment Agency consult publicly on most significant changes.

5

Use it in your learning

If you are writing a project on biodiversity loss, pick one species and one habitat from the examples above and trace each back to its drivers. Our [biodiversity poster ideas](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/biodiversity-poster) and [free biodiversity pictures](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/bodiversity-pictures) guides can help you present it.

## Frequently asked questions about biodiversity loss

### What is biodiversity loss in simple terms?

Biodiversity loss is the decline in the variety of life in a place — fewer genes within species, fewer species, or fewer healthy habitats. It can be local, such as a meadow being ploughed, national, such as a bird disappearing from Britain, or global, such as a species going extinct.

### What are some examples of biodiversity loss in the UK?

Well-documented examples include the turtle dove (down 99% since 1967), the water vole (found at only six of 117 historic sites resurveyed in 2023), rural hedgehogs (down by up to 75% since 2000), and the loss of around 97% of lowland meadow in England and Wales between the 1930s and 1984.

### How much biodiversity has the UK lost?

State of Nature 2023 found that monitored UK species declined by an average of 19% since 1970, and that 16% of species in Great Britain are at risk of extinction. In England, Defra's 2026 indicator shows average abundance down around 40% since 1970, with 41% of species declining and 30% increasing.

### What causes biodiversity loss?

Scientists group the direct causes into five drivers: land- and sea-use change, direct exploitation, climate change, pollution and invasive non-native species. In the UK, agricultural intensification and habitat loss have had the largest effect so far. Our [five drivers guide](https://www.pixcellence.co.uk/blog/loss-of-biodiversity-causes) explains each one.

### What is the difference between biodiversity loss and extinction?

Extinction is the permanent loss of a species. Biodiversity loss is broader: it includes falling populations, shrinking ranges, lost genetic variety and degraded habitats, most of which happen long before any species goes extinct.

### Is the UK on track to stop biodiversity loss by 2030?

No. In January 2026 the Office for Environmental Protection assessed the legal target to halt species decline in England by 2030 as largely off track, although still achievable if delivery speeds up. Only around 7% of England's land currently meets the criteria for 30 by 30 protection.

### Can biodiversity loss be reversed?

For some species and places, yes. Red kites recovered from a handful of pairs to around 4,400 pairs, and the large blue butterfly, extinct in Britain in 1979, has been reintroduced to more than 11 sites. National indicators are still falling, though, so recovery has to happen across whole landscapes, not just individual sites.

### How is biodiversity loss measured?

Mainly through long-term monitoring of species abundance and distribution — counts of birds, butterflies, bats, moths and plants by trained volunteers and professionals — combined into indicators by Defra, JNCC and the State of Nature partnership. Habitat extent and condition surveys and Red List assessments of extinction risk complete the picture.

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Sources: [State of Nature 2023](https://stateofnature.org.uk/); [Defra, Indicators of species abundance in England (2026)](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england/indicators-of-species-abundance-in-england); [Defra, Wild bird populations 1970 to 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk/wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk-and-england-1970-to-2024); [JNCC UK Biodiversity Indicators 2025](https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-pollinating-insects/); [OEP progress report (January 2026)](https://www.theoep.org.uk/report/progress-improving-natural-environment-england-20242025); [IPBES Global Assessment (2019)](https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment); [IUCN Red List (October 2025)](https://iucn.org/press-release/202510/arctic-seals-threatened-climate-change-birds-decline-globally-iucn-red-list); [WWF Living Planet Report 2024](https://www.wwf.org.uk/our-reports/living-planet-report-2024); [Wildlife and Countryside Link 30by30 Progress Update 2025](https://www.wcl.org.uk/30by30-update-2025.asp).

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